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earth Cosmism, flourished in the late 19th and early 20th century. Alternatively labeled Cosmism Philosophy or Space Philosophy, in deference to its national origins the field is generally labeled Russian Cosmism. Its practitioners used both theoretic inquiry and empirical research to explore the history and philosophy of the origin, evolution, and future existence of the universe and humankind. Cosmism drew from both Eastern and Western philosophic traditions.
The Expansionary Theory posits that the human species is a unique entity that can and will play a special role in the greater cosmological framework. According to this theory, over the eons, humankind will apply its ingenuity to overcoming the forces of entropy. The theory synthesizes ideas from astronomy, cosmology, anthropology, physics, sociology, and other fields, and borrows from Kaku, Dyson, Darwin, Teilhard de Chardin, Gribbins, Rees, Moravec, Kurzweil, the Russian Cosmism school, and others. This theoretic synthesis incorporates ideas such as the Anthropic principle, complexity theory, and the Big Bang theory, and reflects recent discoveries in physics, astronomy, and astrobiology. Our current and future breakthroughs in biotechnology, aerospace, and computers will hasten humankind's achievement of its destiny....

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Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857—1935) was the first pioneer of theoretical space exploration and cosmonautics. In 1903, he published Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами (The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reactive Devices [Rockets]), the first serious scientific work on space travel. Tsiolkovsky believed that colonizing space would lead to the perfection of the human race, with immortality and a carefree existence. He also developed ideas of the "animated atom" (panpsychism), and "radiant mankind".

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